Psychological Aspects of Political Choices: Focus on Cognition, Decision-Making Styles, and Emotions in Voting Behaviour
Keywords:
Political psychology, Voting behaviour, Cognition, Decision-making, Emotionality
Abstract
The presented paper focuses on the issue of voting behaviour. It aims to determine the importance of selected cognitive factors, decision-making styles and emotional factors in electoral decision-making and behaviour in voters with different political preferences and voters of specific Slovak political parties. The cognitive style was evaluated using the Cognitive Reflection Test - Version 2. Decision-making styles were explored using the General Decision Making Styles Questionnaire and emotion preferences in information processing were evaluated using the following affective states test. Within the research sample (N = 308, average age 36.2 years), distinct groups of Slovak voters were created: 1. based on parties with different ideological orientations, and 2. based on specific Slovak political parties. The predictive significance of the observed characteristics for the choice of a political subject with a particular ideology and the choice of a specific Slovak political party was explored. All the variables monitored – cognitive style, decision-making style, and emotion preferences in information processing – proved to be significant.
References
BABOŠ, P., VILÁGI, A. and SOLÁRIKOVÁ, P. (2019). Role of anxiety in radicalizing political attitudes: experimental evidence from Slovakia. In: Studia Psychologica. Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 42-55. DOI: 10.21909/sp.2019.01.771.
BERNABEL, R.T. and OLIVEIRA, A. (2017). Conservatism and liberalism predict performance in two non-ideological cognitive tasks. In: Politics Life Sci. Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 49-59. DOI: 10.1017/pls.2017.17.
BIALEK, M. and SAWICKI, P. (2018). Cognitive reflection effects on time discounting. In: Journal of Individual Differences, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 99-106. DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000254
BONANSINGA, D. (2020). Who Thinks, Feels. The Relationship Between Emotions, Politics and Populism. In: Partecipazione e conflitto. Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 83-106, DOI: 10.1285/i20356609v13i1p83.
BRUIN, W.B., PARKER, A.M. and FISCHHOFF, B. (2007). Individual differences in adult decision-making competence. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 92, No. 5, pp. 938-956. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.938.
BULLOCK, A. and STALLYBRASS, O. (1977). The Harper dictionary of modern thought. New York: Harper and Row.
BÜTLER, M. and MARÉCHAL, M. A. (2007). Framing effects in political decision making: Evidence from a natural voting experiment. University of St.Gallen: CESifo working paper. No. 1940, pp. 57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.968334.
CARRARO, L., CASTELLI, L., and NEGRI, P. (2016). The Hand in Motion of Liberals and Conservatives Reveals the Differential Processing of Positive and Negative Information. In: Acta Psychologica. Vol. 168, pp. 78-84. DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.04.006.
CHENG, J. and JANSSEN, C. (2019). The Relationship between an Alternative Form of Cognitive Reflection Test and Intertemporal Choice. In: Studia Psychologica. Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 86-98. DOI: 10.21909/sp.2019.02.774.
COTTAM, M., DIETZ-UHLER, B., MASTORS, E. and PRESTON, T. (2004). Introduction to Political Psychology. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum associates publishers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410609885.
CRIGLER, A. N. and HEVRON, P. R. (2017). Affect and Political Choice. In: Kensi, K. and Jamieson, K. H. eds. The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication. New York: Oxford University Press.
DE WIT, H. (2008). Impulsivity as a determinand and consequence of drug use: A review of underlying processes. In: Addiction Biology. Vol. 14, pp. 22-31. DOI: 10,1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00129.x.
EAGLY, A. H. and CHAIKEN, S. (1998). Attitude structure and function. In: Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T. and Lindzey, G. eds. The Handbook of social psychology (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 269–322.
EVANS, J. ST. B. T. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. In: Annual Review of Psychology. Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 255–278. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629.
FREDERICK, S. (2005). Cognitive reflection and decision making. In: Journal of Economic Perspectives. Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 25–42. DOI: 10.1257/089533005775196732.
GASPER, K. and BRAMESFELD, K. D. (2006). Should I follow my feelings? How individual differences in following feelings influence affective well-being, experience, and responsiveness. In: Journal of Research in Personality. Vol. 40, pp. 986-1014. DOI: 10.1016/J.JRP.2005.10.001.
GYÁRFÁŠOVÁ, O. and SLOSIARIK, M. (2016). Voľby do NR SR 2016: Čo charakterizovalo voličov. Published in November 2016. Available at: Available at: http://www.sociologia.sav.sk/pdf/Working_Papers_in_Sociology_012016.pdf.
GYÁRFÁŠOVÁ, O. and SLOSIARIK, M. (2020). Kto a ako volil vo voľbách 2020 – kde bralo voličov OĽaNO a kto volil Smer. Published on 6 March 2020. Available at: https://dennikn.sk/1788029/kto-a-ako-volil-vo-volbach-2020-kde-bralo-volicov-olano-a-kto-volil-smer/.
HANNIKAINEN, I. R., MILLER, R. M. and CUSHMAN, F. A. (2017). Act Versus Impact: Conservatives and Liberals Exhibit Different Structural Emphases in Moral Judgment. In: Ratio. Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 462-493. DOI: 10.1111/rati.12162.
HEINISCH, R. and MÜHLBÖCK, M. (2015). The Euroskeptic Voter: Attitudes and Electoral Behaviour in Central and Eastern Europe. Paper to be presented at the 4th Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association held in Chicago. Available at: https://www.plus.ac.at/wp-content/uploads/2021/02.
HORVÁTH, P. and ŠEBÍK, K. (2015). Voting behaviour and municipal elections 2014 in Slovakia. In: Slovak Journal of Political Sciences. Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 93-113. DOI: 10.1515/sjps-2015-0005.
JULIUSSON, E.A., KARLSSON, N. and GARLING, T. (2005). Weighing the past and the future in decision making. In: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 561-575. DOI: 10.1080/09541440440000159.
JURKOVIČ, M., ČAVOJOVÁ, V., and BREZINA, I. (2019). Prečo ľudia veria nezmyslom. Bratislava: Premedia.
KAGAN, J. (1966). The Generality and Dynamics of conceptual tempo. In: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 17-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0022886.
KAHNEMAN, D. (2019). Myslenie rýchle a pomalé. Bratislava: Aktuell.
KLAŠNJA, M., TUCKER, J. and DEEGAN-KRAUSE, K. (2016). Pocketbook vs. Sociotropic Corruption Voting. In: British Journal of Political Science. Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 67-94. DOI: 10.1017/S0007123414000088.
KNUTSEN, O. (2012). Social structure and party choice in Norway and Slovakia: a loosening of ties? In: Baldersheim, H. and Bátora, J. eds. The Governance of Small States in Turbulent Times: The Exemplary Cases of Norway and Slovakia, Leverkusen, Barbara Budrich Publishing, pp. 123-156. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvdf01dj.
LAU, R. and REDLAWSK, D. (2006). How Voters Decide: Information Processing in Election Campaigns (Cambridge Studies in Public Opinion and Political Psychology). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 366. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511791048.
LYSEK, J., ZVADA, Ľ. and ŠKOP, M. (2020). Mapping the 2020 Slovak Parliamentary Election. Analysis of Spatial Support and voter Transition. In: Politologický časopis – Czech Journal of Political Science. Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 278-302. DOI: 10.5817/PC2020-3-278.
MARCUS, G. E., SULLIVAN, J. L., THEISS-MORSE, E. and STEVENS, D. (2005). The Emotional Foundation of Political Cognition: The Impact of Extrinsic Anxiety on the Formation of Political Tolerance Judgments. In: Political Psychology. Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 949-963. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00452.
MILLS, M., GONZALES, F. J., GIUSEFFI, K., SIEVERT, B, SMITH, K. B., HIBBING J. R. and DODD, M. D. (2016). Political conservatism predicts asymmetries in emotional scene memory. In: Behavioural Brain Research. Vol. 306, pp. 84-90. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.025.
NOSEK, B. A., GRAHAM, J. and HAWKINS, C. B. (2010). Implicit political cognition. In: Gawronski, B. and Payne, B. K. eds. Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications. New York: The Guilford Press, pp. 548–564.
NOSEK, B. A., HAWKINS, C. B. and FRAZIER, R. S. (2010). Implicit Social Cognition. University of Virginia, pp. 53. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.005.
READ, D., MCDONALD, R. and HE, L. (2018). Intertemporal Choice. In: Lewis A. eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Psychology and Economic Behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 167-197. DOI: 10.1017/9781316676349.006.
REDLAWSK, D. (2006). Feeling politics: Emotion in political information /processing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9781403983114.
REIMERS, S., MAYLOR, E. A., STEWART, N. and CHATER, N. (2009). Associations between a one-shot delay discounting measure and age, income education and real-world impulsive behavior. In: Personality and Individual Differences. Vol. 47, pp. 973–978. DOI: 10.1016/ j.paid.2009.07.026.
REMIŠOVÁ, M. (2015). Psychometrické vlastnosti slovenskej verzie Dotazníka všeobecných rozhodovacích štýlov – GDMS. Published on 17 June 2015. Available at: https://www.i-psychologia.sk/view-3145.php.
SALVI, C., CRISTOFORI, I. and GRAFMAN, J. (2016). The Politics of Insight. In: Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. Vol. 69, No. 6, pp. 1-19. DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1136338.
SCHIFF, S., AMODIO, P., TESTA, G., NARDI, M., MONTAGNESE, S., CAREGARO, L., DI PELLEGRINO, G. and SELLITTO, M. (2016). Impulsivity toward food reward is related to BMI: Evidence from intertemporal choice in obese and normal-weight individuals. In: Brain and Cognition. Vol. 110, pp. 112–119. DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.10.001.
SCOTT, S. G. and BRUCE, A. R. (1995). Decision-Making Style: The Development and Assessment of a New Measure. In: Educational and Psychological Measurement. Vol. 55, pp. 818–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164495055005017.
SINAYEV, A. and PETERS, E. (2015). Cognitive reaction vs. calculation in decision making. In: Frontiers in Psychology. Vol. 6, pp. 532. DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12104.
STANOVICH, K.E. and WEST, R.F. (2008). On the relative independence of thinking biases and cognitive ability. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 94, No. 4, pp. 672-695. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.672.
STRACK, F. and DEUTCH, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behaviour. In: Personality and Social Psychology Review. Vol. 8, pp. 220-247. DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr08031.
THOMSON, K. S. and OPPENHEIMER, D. M. (2016). Investigating an alternate form of the Cognitive Reflection Test. In: Judgment and Decision Making. Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 99–113. DOI: 10.1037/t49856-000.
WEISS, H. (2003). A cross-national Comparison of Nationalism in Austria, the Czech and Slovak Republics, Hungary, and Poland. In: Political Psychology. Vol. 24, No. 2., pp. 377-401. DOI: 10.1111/0162-895X.00332.
YOUNG, D. G., BAGOZZI, B. E., GOLDRING, A., POULSEN, S. and DROUIN, E. (2019). Psychology, political ideology, and humor appreciation: Why is satire so liberal? In: Psychology of Popular Media Culture. Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 134–147. DOI: 10.1037/ppm0000157.
BERNABEL, R.T. and OLIVEIRA, A. (2017). Conservatism and liberalism predict performance in two non-ideological cognitive tasks. In: Politics Life Sci. Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 49-59. DOI: 10.1017/pls.2017.17.
BIALEK, M. and SAWICKI, P. (2018). Cognitive reflection effects on time discounting. In: Journal of Individual Differences, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 99-106. DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000254
BONANSINGA, D. (2020). Who Thinks, Feels. The Relationship Between Emotions, Politics and Populism. In: Partecipazione e conflitto. Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 83-106, DOI: 10.1285/i20356609v13i1p83.
BRUIN, W.B., PARKER, A.M. and FISCHHOFF, B. (2007). Individual differences in adult decision-making competence. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 92, No. 5, pp. 938-956. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.938.
BULLOCK, A. and STALLYBRASS, O. (1977). The Harper dictionary of modern thought. New York: Harper and Row.
BÜTLER, M. and MARÉCHAL, M. A. (2007). Framing effects in political decision making: Evidence from a natural voting experiment. University of St.Gallen: CESifo working paper. No. 1940, pp. 57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.968334.
CARRARO, L., CASTELLI, L., and NEGRI, P. (2016). The Hand in Motion of Liberals and Conservatives Reveals the Differential Processing of Positive and Negative Information. In: Acta Psychologica. Vol. 168, pp. 78-84. DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.04.006.
CHENG, J. and JANSSEN, C. (2019). The Relationship between an Alternative Form of Cognitive Reflection Test and Intertemporal Choice. In: Studia Psychologica. Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 86-98. DOI: 10.21909/sp.2019.02.774.
COTTAM, M., DIETZ-UHLER, B., MASTORS, E. and PRESTON, T. (2004). Introduction to Political Psychology. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum associates publishers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410609885.
CRIGLER, A. N. and HEVRON, P. R. (2017). Affect and Political Choice. In: Kensi, K. and Jamieson, K. H. eds. The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication. New York: Oxford University Press.
DE WIT, H. (2008). Impulsivity as a determinand and consequence of drug use: A review of underlying processes. In: Addiction Biology. Vol. 14, pp. 22-31. DOI: 10,1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00129.x.
EAGLY, A. H. and CHAIKEN, S. (1998). Attitude structure and function. In: Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T. and Lindzey, G. eds. The Handbook of social psychology (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 269–322.
EVANS, J. ST. B. T. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. In: Annual Review of Psychology. Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 255–278. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629.
FREDERICK, S. (2005). Cognitive reflection and decision making. In: Journal of Economic Perspectives. Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 25–42. DOI: 10.1257/089533005775196732.
GASPER, K. and BRAMESFELD, K. D. (2006). Should I follow my feelings? How individual differences in following feelings influence affective well-being, experience, and responsiveness. In: Journal of Research in Personality. Vol. 40, pp. 986-1014. DOI: 10.1016/J.JRP.2005.10.001.
GYÁRFÁŠOVÁ, O. and SLOSIARIK, M. (2016). Voľby do NR SR 2016: Čo charakterizovalo voličov. Published in November 2016. Available at: Available at: http://www.sociologia.sav.sk/pdf/Working_Papers_in_Sociology_012016.pdf.
GYÁRFÁŠOVÁ, O. and SLOSIARIK, M. (2020). Kto a ako volil vo voľbách 2020 – kde bralo voličov OĽaNO a kto volil Smer. Published on 6 March 2020. Available at: https://dennikn.sk/1788029/kto-a-ako-volil-vo-volbach-2020-kde-bralo-volicov-olano-a-kto-volil-smer/.
HANNIKAINEN, I. R., MILLER, R. M. and CUSHMAN, F. A. (2017). Act Versus Impact: Conservatives and Liberals Exhibit Different Structural Emphases in Moral Judgment. In: Ratio. Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 462-493. DOI: 10.1111/rati.12162.
HEINISCH, R. and MÜHLBÖCK, M. (2015). The Euroskeptic Voter: Attitudes and Electoral Behaviour in Central and Eastern Europe. Paper to be presented at the 4th Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association held in Chicago. Available at: https://www.plus.ac.at/wp-content/uploads/2021/02.
HORVÁTH, P. and ŠEBÍK, K. (2015). Voting behaviour and municipal elections 2014 in Slovakia. In: Slovak Journal of Political Sciences. Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 93-113. DOI: 10.1515/sjps-2015-0005.
JULIUSSON, E.A., KARLSSON, N. and GARLING, T. (2005). Weighing the past and the future in decision making. In: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 561-575. DOI: 10.1080/09541440440000159.
JURKOVIČ, M., ČAVOJOVÁ, V., and BREZINA, I. (2019). Prečo ľudia veria nezmyslom. Bratislava: Premedia.
KAGAN, J. (1966). The Generality and Dynamics of conceptual tempo. In: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 17-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0022886.
KAHNEMAN, D. (2019). Myslenie rýchle a pomalé. Bratislava: Aktuell.
KLAŠNJA, M., TUCKER, J. and DEEGAN-KRAUSE, K. (2016). Pocketbook vs. Sociotropic Corruption Voting. In: British Journal of Political Science. Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 67-94. DOI: 10.1017/S0007123414000088.
KNUTSEN, O. (2012). Social structure and party choice in Norway and Slovakia: a loosening of ties? In: Baldersheim, H. and Bátora, J. eds. The Governance of Small States in Turbulent Times: The Exemplary Cases of Norway and Slovakia, Leverkusen, Barbara Budrich Publishing, pp. 123-156. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvdf01dj.
LAU, R. and REDLAWSK, D. (2006). How Voters Decide: Information Processing in Election Campaigns (Cambridge Studies in Public Opinion and Political Psychology). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 366. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511791048.
LYSEK, J., ZVADA, Ľ. and ŠKOP, M. (2020). Mapping the 2020 Slovak Parliamentary Election. Analysis of Spatial Support and voter Transition. In: Politologický časopis – Czech Journal of Political Science. Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 278-302. DOI: 10.5817/PC2020-3-278.
MARCUS, G. E., SULLIVAN, J. L., THEISS-MORSE, E. and STEVENS, D. (2005). The Emotional Foundation of Political Cognition: The Impact of Extrinsic Anxiety on the Formation of Political Tolerance Judgments. In: Political Psychology. Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 949-963. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00452.
MILLS, M., GONZALES, F. J., GIUSEFFI, K., SIEVERT, B, SMITH, K. B., HIBBING J. R. and DODD, M. D. (2016). Political conservatism predicts asymmetries in emotional scene memory. In: Behavioural Brain Research. Vol. 306, pp. 84-90. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.025.
NOSEK, B. A., GRAHAM, J. and HAWKINS, C. B. (2010). Implicit political cognition. In: Gawronski, B. and Payne, B. K. eds. Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications. New York: The Guilford Press, pp. 548–564.
NOSEK, B. A., HAWKINS, C. B. and FRAZIER, R. S. (2010). Implicit Social Cognition. University of Virginia, pp. 53. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.005.
READ, D., MCDONALD, R. and HE, L. (2018). Intertemporal Choice. In: Lewis A. eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Psychology and Economic Behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 167-197. DOI: 10.1017/9781316676349.006.
REDLAWSK, D. (2006). Feeling politics: Emotion in political information /processing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9781403983114.
REIMERS, S., MAYLOR, E. A., STEWART, N. and CHATER, N. (2009). Associations between a one-shot delay discounting measure and age, income education and real-world impulsive behavior. In: Personality and Individual Differences. Vol. 47, pp. 973–978. DOI: 10.1016/ j.paid.2009.07.026.
REMIŠOVÁ, M. (2015). Psychometrické vlastnosti slovenskej verzie Dotazníka všeobecných rozhodovacích štýlov – GDMS. Published on 17 June 2015. Available at: https://www.i-psychologia.sk/view-3145.php.
SALVI, C., CRISTOFORI, I. and GRAFMAN, J. (2016). The Politics of Insight. In: Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. Vol. 69, No. 6, pp. 1-19. DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1136338.
SCHIFF, S., AMODIO, P., TESTA, G., NARDI, M., MONTAGNESE, S., CAREGARO, L., DI PELLEGRINO, G. and SELLITTO, M. (2016). Impulsivity toward food reward is related to BMI: Evidence from intertemporal choice in obese and normal-weight individuals. In: Brain and Cognition. Vol. 110, pp. 112–119. DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.10.001.
SCOTT, S. G. and BRUCE, A. R. (1995). Decision-Making Style: The Development and Assessment of a New Measure. In: Educational and Psychological Measurement. Vol. 55, pp. 818–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164495055005017.
SINAYEV, A. and PETERS, E. (2015). Cognitive reaction vs. calculation in decision making. In: Frontiers in Psychology. Vol. 6, pp. 532. DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12104.
STANOVICH, K.E. and WEST, R.F. (2008). On the relative independence of thinking biases and cognitive ability. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 94, No. 4, pp. 672-695. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.672.
STRACK, F. and DEUTCH, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behaviour. In: Personality and Social Psychology Review. Vol. 8, pp. 220-247. DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr08031.
THOMSON, K. S. and OPPENHEIMER, D. M. (2016). Investigating an alternate form of the Cognitive Reflection Test. In: Judgment and Decision Making. Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 99–113. DOI: 10.1037/t49856-000.
WEISS, H. (2003). A cross-national Comparison of Nationalism in Austria, the Czech and Slovak Republics, Hungary, and Poland. In: Political Psychology. Vol. 24, No. 2., pp. 377-401. DOI: 10.1111/0162-895X.00332.
YOUNG, D. G., BAGOZZI, B. E., GOLDRING, A., POULSEN, S. and DROUIN, E. (2019). Psychology, political ideology, and humor appreciation: Why is satire so liberal? In: Psychology of Popular Media Culture. Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 134–147. DOI: 10.1037/ppm0000157.
Published
2022-07-01
How to Cite
Viteková, L. and Václaviková, I. (2022) “Psychological Aspects of Political Choices: Focus on Cognition, Decision-Making Styles, and Emotions in Voting Behaviour”, Slovak Journal of Political Sciences, 22(1), pp. 25-47. Available at: https://sjps.fsvucm.sk/index.php/sjps/article/view/235 (Accessed: 16April2024).
Section
Articles
Please, read licence agreement.
Publication Charge
There is no publication fee or charge for any submitted or accepted articles. There is no article processing charges (APCs) would be billed to authors.
