Psychological Aspects of Political Choices: Focus on Cognition, Decision-Making Styles, and Emotions in Voting Behaviour
Keywords:
Political psychology, Voting behaviour, Cognition, Decision-making, EmotionalityAbstract
The presented paper focuses on the issue of voting behaviour. It aims to determine the importance of selected cognitive factors, decision-making styles and emotional factors in electoral decision-making and behaviour in voters with different political preferences and voters of specific Slovak political parties. The cognitive style was evaluated using the Cognitive Reflection Test - Version 2. Decision-making styles were explored using the General Decision Making Styles Questionnaire and emotion preferences in information processing were evaluated using the following affective states test. Within the research sample (N = 308, average age 36.2 years), distinct groups of Slovak voters were created: 1. based on parties with different ideological orientations, and 2. based on specific Slovak political parties. The predictive significance of the observed characteristics for the choice of a political subject with a particular ideology and the choice of a specific Slovak political party was explored. All the variables monitored – cognitive style, decision-making style, and emotion preferences in information processing – proved to be significant.
References
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BULLOCK, A. and STALLYBRASS, O. (1977). The Harper dictionary of modern thought. New York: Harper and Row.
BÜTLER, M. and MARÉCHAL, M. A. (2007). Framing effects in political decision making: Evidence from a natural voting experiment. University of St.Gallen: CESifo working paper. No. 1940, pp. 57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.968334.
CARRARO, L., CASTELLI, L., and NEGRI, P. (2016). The Hand in Motion of Liberals and Conservatives Reveals the Differential Processing of Positive and Negative Information. In: Acta Psychologica. Vol. 168, pp. 78-84. DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.04.006.
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COTTAM, M., DIETZ-UHLER, B., MASTORS, E. and PRESTON, T. (2004). Introduction to Political Psychology. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum associates publishers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410609885.
CRIGLER, A. N. and HEVRON, P. R. (2017). Affect and Political Choice. In: Kensi, K. and Jamieson, K. H. eds. The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication. New York: Oxford University Press.
DE WIT, H. (2008). Impulsivity as a determinand and consequence of drug use: A review of underlying processes. In: Addiction Biology. Vol. 14, pp. 22-31. DOI: 10,1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00129.x.
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GASPER, K. and BRAMESFELD, K. D. (2006). Should I follow my feelings? How individual differences in following feelings influence affective well-being, experience, and responsiveness. In: Journal of Research in Personality. Vol. 40, pp. 986-1014. DOI: 10.1016/J.JRP.2005.10.001.
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HANNIKAINEN, I. R., MILLER, R. M. and CUSHMAN, F. A. (2017). Act Versus Impact: Conservatives and Liberals Exhibit Different Structural Emphases in Moral Judgment. In: Ratio. Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 462-493. DOI: 10.1111/rati.12162.
HEINISCH, R. and MÜHLBÖCK, M. (2015). The Euroskeptic Voter: Attitudes and Electoral Behaviour in Central and Eastern Europe. Paper to be presented at the 4th Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association held in Chicago. Available at: https://www.plus.ac.at/wp-content/uploads/2021/02.
HORVÁTH, P. and ŠEBÍK, K. (2015). Voting behaviour and municipal elections 2014 in Slovakia. In: Slovak Journal of Political Sciences. Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 93-113. DOI: 10.1515/sjps-2015-0005.
JULIUSSON, E.A., KARLSSON, N. and GARLING, T. (2005). Weighing the past and the future in decision making. In: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 561-575. DOI: 10.1080/09541440440000159.
JURKOVIČ, M., ČAVOJOVÁ, V., and BREZINA, I. (2019). Prečo ľudia veria nezmyslom. Bratislava: Premedia.
KAGAN, J. (1966). The Generality and Dynamics of conceptual tempo. In: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 17-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0022886.
KAHNEMAN, D. (2019). Myslenie rýchle a pomalé. Bratislava: Aktuell.
KLAŠNJA, M., TUCKER, J. and DEEGAN-KRAUSE, K. (2016). Pocketbook vs. Sociotropic Corruption Voting. In: British Journal of Political Science. Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 67-94. DOI: 10.1017/S0007123414000088.
KNUTSEN, O. (2012). Social structure and party choice in Norway and Slovakia: a loosening of ties? In: Baldersheim, H. and Bátora, J. eds. The Governance of Small States in Turbulent Times: The Exemplary Cases of Norway and Slovakia, Leverkusen, Barbara Budrich Publishing, pp. 123-156. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvdf01dj.
LAU, R. and REDLAWSK, D. (2006). How Voters Decide: Information Processing in Election Campaigns (Cambridge Studies in Public Opinion and Political Psychology). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 366. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511791048.
LYSEK, J., ZVADA, Ľ. and ŠKOP, M. (2020). Mapping the 2020 Slovak Parliamentary Election. Analysis of Spatial Support and voter Transition. In: Politologický časopis – Czech Journal of Political Science. Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 278-302. DOI: 10.5817/PC2020-3-278.
MARCUS, G. E., SULLIVAN, J. L., THEISS-MORSE, E. and STEVENS, D. (2005). The Emotional Foundation of Political Cognition: The Impact of Extrinsic Anxiety on the Formation of Political Tolerance Judgments. In: Political Psychology. Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 949-963. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00452.
MILLS, M., GONZALES, F. J., GIUSEFFI, K., SIEVERT, B, SMITH, K. B., HIBBING J. R. and DODD, M. D. (2016). Political conservatism predicts asymmetries in emotional scene memory. In: Behavioural Brain Research. Vol. 306, pp. 84-90. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.025.
NOSEK, B. A., GRAHAM, J. and HAWKINS, C. B. (2010). Implicit political cognition. In: Gawronski, B. and Payne, B. K. eds. Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications. New York: The Guilford Press, pp. 548–564.
NOSEK, B. A., HAWKINS, C. B. and FRAZIER, R. S. (2010). Implicit Social Cognition. University of Virginia, pp. 53. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.005.
READ, D., MCDONALD, R. and HE, L. (2018). Intertemporal Choice. In: Lewis A. eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Psychology and Economic Behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 167-197. DOI: 10.1017/9781316676349.006.
REDLAWSK, D. (2006). Feeling politics: Emotion in political information /processing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9781403983114.
REIMERS, S., MAYLOR, E. A., STEWART, N. and CHATER, N. (2009). Associations between a one-shot delay discounting measure and age, income education and real-world impulsive behavior. In: Personality and Individual Differences. Vol. 47, pp. 973–978. DOI: 10.1016/ j.paid.2009.07.026.
REMIŠOVÁ, M. (2015). Psychometrické vlastnosti slovenskej verzie Dotazníka všeobecných rozhodovacích štýlov – GDMS. Published on 17 June 2015. Available at: https://www.i-psychologia.sk/view-3145.php.
SALVI, C., CRISTOFORI, I. and GRAFMAN, J. (2016). The Politics of Insight. In: Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. Vol. 69, No. 6, pp. 1-19. DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1136338.
SCHIFF, S., AMODIO, P., TESTA, G., NARDI, M., MONTAGNESE, S., CAREGARO, L., DI PELLEGRINO, G. and SELLITTO, M. (2016). Impulsivity toward food reward is related to BMI: Evidence from intertemporal choice in obese and normal-weight individuals. In: Brain and Cognition. Vol. 110, pp. 112–119. DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.10.001.
SCOTT, S. G. and BRUCE, A. R. (1995). Decision-Making Style: The Development and Assessment of a New Measure. In: Educational and Psychological Measurement. Vol. 55, pp. 818–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164495055005017.
SINAYEV, A. and PETERS, E. (2015). Cognitive reaction vs. calculation in decision making. In: Frontiers in Psychology. Vol. 6, pp. 532. DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12104.
STANOVICH, K.E. and WEST, R.F. (2008). On the relative independence of thinking biases and cognitive ability. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 94, No. 4, pp. 672-695. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.672.
STRACK, F. and DEUTCH, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behaviour. In: Personality and Social Psychology Review. Vol. 8, pp. 220-247. DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr08031.
THOMSON, K. S. and OPPENHEIMER, D. M. (2016). Investigating an alternate form of the Cognitive Reflection Test. In: Judgment and Decision Making. Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 99–113. DOI: 10.1037/t49856-000.
WEISS, H. (2003). A cross-national Comparison of Nationalism in Austria, the Czech and Slovak Republics, Hungary, and Poland. In: Political Psychology. Vol. 24, No. 2., pp. 377-401. DOI: 10.1111/0162-895X.00332.
YOUNG, D. G., BAGOZZI, B. E., GOLDRING, A., POULSEN, S. and DROUIN, E. (2019). Psychology, political ideology, and humor appreciation: Why is satire so liberal? In: Psychology of Popular Media Culture. Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 134–147. DOI: 10.1037/ppm0000157.
BERNABEL, R.T. and OLIVEIRA, A. (2017). Conservatism and liberalism predict performance in two non-ideological cognitive tasks. In: Politics Life Sci. Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 49-59. DOI: 10.1017/pls.2017.17.
BIALEK, M. and SAWICKI, P. (2018). Cognitive reflection effects on time discounting. In: Journal of Individual Differences, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 99-106. DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000254
BONANSINGA, D. (2020). Who Thinks, Feels. The Relationship Between Emotions, Politics and Populism. In: Partecipazione e conflitto. Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 83-106, DOI: 10.1285/i20356609v13i1p83.
BRUIN, W.B., PARKER, A.M. and FISCHHOFF, B. (2007). Individual differences in adult decision-making competence. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 92, No. 5, pp. 938-956. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.938.
BULLOCK, A. and STALLYBRASS, O. (1977). The Harper dictionary of modern thought. New York: Harper and Row.
BÜTLER, M. and MARÉCHAL, M. A. (2007). Framing effects in political decision making: Evidence from a natural voting experiment. University of St.Gallen: CESifo working paper. No. 1940, pp. 57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.968334.
CARRARO, L., CASTELLI, L., and NEGRI, P. (2016). The Hand in Motion of Liberals and Conservatives Reveals the Differential Processing of Positive and Negative Information. In: Acta Psychologica. Vol. 168, pp. 78-84. DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.04.006.
CHENG, J. and JANSSEN, C. (2019). The Relationship between an Alternative Form of Cognitive Reflection Test and Intertemporal Choice. In: Studia Psychologica. Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 86-98. DOI: 10.21909/sp.2019.02.774.
COTTAM, M., DIETZ-UHLER, B., MASTORS, E. and PRESTON, T. (2004). Introduction to Political Psychology. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum associates publishers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410609885.
CRIGLER, A. N. and HEVRON, P. R. (2017). Affect and Political Choice. In: Kensi, K. and Jamieson, K. H. eds. The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication. New York: Oxford University Press.
DE WIT, H. (2008). Impulsivity as a determinand and consequence of drug use: A review of underlying processes. In: Addiction Biology. Vol. 14, pp. 22-31. DOI: 10,1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00129.x.
EAGLY, A. H. and CHAIKEN, S. (1998). Attitude structure and function. In: Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T. and Lindzey, G. eds. The Handbook of social psychology (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 269–322.
EVANS, J. ST. B. T. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. In: Annual Review of Psychology. Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 255–278. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629.
FREDERICK, S. (2005). Cognitive reflection and decision making. In: Journal of Economic Perspectives. Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 25–42. DOI: 10.1257/089533005775196732.
GASPER, K. and BRAMESFELD, K. D. (2006). Should I follow my feelings? How individual differences in following feelings influence affective well-being, experience, and responsiveness. In: Journal of Research in Personality. Vol. 40, pp. 986-1014. DOI: 10.1016/J.JRP.2005.10.001.
GYÁRFÁŠOVÁ, O. and SLOSIARIK, M. (2016). Voľby do NR SR 2016: Čo charakterizovalo voličov. Published in November 2016. Available at: Available at: http://www.sociologia.sav.sk/pdf/Working_Papers_in_Sociology_012016.pdf.
GYÁRFÁŠOVÁ, O. and SLOSIARIK, M. (2020). Kto a ako volil vo voľbách 2020 – kde bralo voličov OĽaNO a kto volil Smer. Published on 6 March 2020. Available at: https://dennikn.sk/1788029/kto-a-ako-volil-vo-volbach-2020-kde-bralo-volicov-olano-a-kto-volil-smer/.
HANNIKAINEN, I. R., MILLER, R. M. and CUSHMAN, F. A. (2017). Act Versus Impact: Conservatives and Liberals Exhibit Different Structural Emphases in Moral Judgment. In: Ratio. Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 462-493. DOI: 10.1111/rati.12162.
HEINISCH, R. and MÜHLBÖCK, M. (2015). The Euroskeptic Voter: Attitudes and Electoral Behaviour in Central and Eastern Europe. Paper to be presented at the 4th Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association held in Chicago. Available at: https://www.plus.ac.at/wp-content/uploads/2021/02.
HORVÁTH, P. and ŠEBÍK, K. (2015). Voting behaviour and municipal elections 2014 in Slovakia. In: Slovak Journal of Political Sciences. Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 93-113. DOI: 10.1515/sjps-2015-0005.
JULIUSSON, E.A., KARLSSON, N. and GARLING, T. (2005). Weighing the past and the future in decision making. In: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 561-575. DOI: 10.1080/09541440440000159.
JURKOVIČ, M., ČAVOJOVÁ, V., and BREZINA, I. (2019). Prečo ľudia veria nezmyslom. Bratislava: Premedia.
KAGAN, J. (1966). The Generality and Dynamics of conceptual tempo. In: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 17-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0022886.
KAHNEMAN, D. (2019). Myslenie rýchle a pomalé. Bratislava: Aktuell.
KLAŠNJA, M., TUCKER, J. and DEEGAN-KRAUSE, K. (2016). Pocketbook vs. Sociotropic Corruption Voting. In: British Journal of Political Science. Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 67-94. DOI: 10.1017/S0007123414000088.
KNUTSEN, O. (2012). Social structure and party choice in Norway and Slovakia: a loosening of ties? In: Baldersheim, H. and Bátora, J. eds. The Governance of Small States in Turbulent Times: The Exemplary Cases of Norway and Slovakia, Leverkusen, Barbara Budrich Publishing, pp. 123-156. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvdf01dj.
LAU, R. and REDLAWSK, D. (2006). How Voters Decide: Information Processing in Election Campaigns (Cambridge Studies in Public Opinion and Political Psychology). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 366. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511791048.
LYSEK, J., ZVADA, Ľ. and ŠKOP, M. (2020). Mapping the 2020 Slovak Parliamentary Election. Analysis of Spatial Support and voter Transition. In: Politologický časopis – Czech Journal of Political Science. Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 278-302. DOI: 10.5817/PC2020-3-278.
MARCUS, G. E., SULLIVAN, J. L., THEISS-MORSE, E. and STEVENS, D. (2005). The Emotional Foundation of Political Cognition: The Impact of Extrinsic Anxiety on the Formation of Political Tolerance Judgments. In: Political Psychology. Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 949-963. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00452.
MILLS, M., GONZALES, F. J., GIUSEFFI, K., SIEVERT, B, SMITH, K. B., HIBBING J. R. and DODD, M. D. (2016). Political conservatism predicts asymmetries in emotional scene memory. In: Behavioural Brain Research. Vol. 306, pp. 84-90. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.025.
NOSEK, B. A., GRAHAM, J. and HAWKINS, C. B. (2010). Implicit political cognition. In: Gawronski, B. and Payne, B. K. eds. Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications. New York: The Guilford Press, pp. 548–564.
NOSEK, B. A., HAWKINS, C. B. and FRAZIER, R. S. (2010). Implicit Social Cognition. University of Virginia, pp. 53. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.005.
READ, D., MCDONALD, R. and HE, L. (2018). Intertemporal Choice. In: Lewis A. eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Psychology and Economic Behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 167-197. DOI: 10.1017/9781316676349.006.
REDLAWSK, D. (2006). Feeling politics: Emotion in political information /processing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9781403983114.
REIMERS, S., MAYLOR, E. A., STEWART, N. and CHATER, N. (2009). Associations between a one-shot delay discounting measure and age, income education and real-world impulsive behavior. In: Personality and Individual Differences. Vol. 47, pp. 973–978. DOI: 10.1016/ j.paid.2009.07.026.
REMIŠOVÁ, M. (2015). Psychometrické vlastnosti slovenskej verzie Dotazníka všeobecných rozhodovacích štýlov – GDMS. Published on 17 June 2015. Available at: https://www.i-psychologia.sk/view-3145.php.
SALVI, C., CRISTOFORI, I. and GRAFMAN, J. (2016). The Politics of Insight. In: Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. Vol. 69, No. 6, pp. 1-19. DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1136338.
SCHIFF, S., AMODIO, P., TESTA, G., NARDI, M., MONTAGNESE, S., CAREGARO, L., DI PELLEGRINO, G. and SELLITTO, M. (2016). Impulsivity toward food reward is related to BMI: Evidence from intertemporal choice in obese and normal-weight individuals. In: Brain and Cognition. Vol. 110, pp. 112–119. DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.10.001.
SCOTT, S. G. and BRUCE, A. R. (1995). Decision-Making Style: The Development and Assessment of a New Measure. In: Educational and Psychological Measurement. Vol. 55, pp. 818–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164495055005017.
SINAYEV, A. and PETERS, E. (2015). Cognitive reaction vs. calculation in decision making. In: Frontiers in Psychology. Vol. 6, pp. 532. DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12104.
STANOVICH, K.E. and WEST, R.F. (2008). On the relative independence of thinking biases and cognitive ability. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 94, No. 4, pp. 672-695. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.672.
STRACK, F. and DEUTCH, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behaviour. In: Personality and Social Psychology Review. Vol. 8, pp. 220-247. DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr08031.
THOMSON, K. S. and OPPENHEIMER, D. M. (2016). Investigating an alternate form of the Cognitive Reflection Test. In: Judgment and Decision Making. Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 99–113. DOI: 10.1037/t49856-000.
WEISS, H. (2003). A cross-national Comparison of Nationalism in Austria, the Czech and Slovak Republics, Hungary, and Poland. In: Political Psychology. Vol. 24, No. 2., pp. 377-401. DOI: 10.1111/0162-895X.00332.
YOUNG, D. G., BAGOZZI, B. E., GOLDRING, A., POULSEN, S. and DROUIN, E. (2019). Psychology, political ideology, and humor appreciation: Why is satire so liberal? In: Psychology of Popular Media Culture. Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 134–147. DOI: 10.1037/ppm0000157.
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2022-07-01
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Viteková, L. and Václaviková, I. (2022) “Psychological Aspects of Political Choices: Focus on Cognition, Decision-Making Styles, and Emotions in Voting Behaviour”, Slovak Journal of Political Sciences, 22(1), pp. 25–47. Available at: https://sjps.fsvucm.sk/index.php/sjps/article/view/235 (Accessed: 8 November 2024).
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