Party Nomination and Legislative Gender Quotas in the 2020 Local Elections in Ukraine: The case of Rivne Regional Council
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34135/sjps.240103Keywords:
Political parties, Local elections, Gender quota, Party nomination, UkraineAbstract
This article analyzes the impact of legal gender quotas on party policies regarding the positioning of candidates on electoral lists for the 2020 local elections in Ukraine, and voters’ reaction to this. This research utilizes a unique dataset on elections to one of Ukraine’s self-government bodies (Rivne Regional Council) because the Central Election Commission of Ukraine does not publish detailed data on the results of local elections. The 2020 local elections in Ukraine showed that the introduction of legislative gender quotas did not fully work because political parties demonstrated gender bias by nominating predominantly male candidates for viable positions. The difference between the share of women candidates and the share of women deputies did not increase significantly in favor of women deputies compared to the 2015 local elections in Ukraine. In addition, voters did not show a gender bias, and, in most cases, were guided by political parties’ proposed order of candidates. The article contributes to the understanding of gender dynamics in local elections in Ukraine under a new electoral system.
References
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CHESNO. (2020). PolitHub platform. In: CHESNO. [online]. Available at: https://www.chesno.org/politician/ [Accessed 21. 04. 2023].
CHIRU, M. and POPESCU, M. (2017). The Value of Legislative Versus Electoral Experience and Gender in Explaining Candidate List Placement in Closed-List PR. In: Problems of Post-Communism. Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 65-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2016.1163228.
DAHLERUP, D. (2007). Electoral Gender Quotas: Between Equality of Opportunity and Equality of Result. In: Representation. Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 73-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00344890701363227.
DEAN, L. and DOS SANTOS, P. (2017). The Implications of Gender Quotas in Ukraine: A Case Study of Legislated Candidate Quotas in Eastern Europe's Most Precarious Democracy. In: Teorija in Praksa. [online]. Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 355-375. Available at: https://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:doc-MZJ5HXC2 [Accessed 16. 2. 2024].
DVOŘÁK, P. (2023). The impact of closed and flexible candidate lists on the representation of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic. In: Politics in Central Europe. Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 183-216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pce-2023-0009.
DVOŘÁK, P. and PINK, M. (2023). Party Nomination Strategies in Flexible-List PR: Which Candidate Characteristics Lead to Realistic Positions? In: East European Politics and Societies. Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 1448-1471. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/08883254221147545.
FISUN, O. and AVKSENTIEV, A. (2021). Two-Tier Proportional Electoral System in Ukraine: Cross-Regional Analysis of the First Approbation. In: Political Studies. Vol. 2 (December), pp. 62-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53317/2786-4774-2021-2-3.
GENDŹWIŁŁ, A. and ŻÓŁTAK, T. (2020). Do Parties and Voters Counteract Quota Regulations? The Impact of Legislative Gender Quotas on Ballot Ranking and Preference Voting in Poland. In: Politics & Gender. Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 199-229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X18000880.
GHERGHINA, S. and CHIRU, M. (2010). Practice and payment: Determinants of candidate list position in European Parliament elections. In: European Union Politics. Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 533-552. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116510380284.
GÓRECKI, M. A. and KUKOŁOWICZ, P. (2014). Gender quotas, candidate background and the election of women: A paradox of gender quotas in open-list proportional representation systems. In: Electoral Studies. Vol. 36 (December), pp. 65-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2014.06.009.
GWIAZDA, A. (2017). Women in parliament: assessing the effectiveness of gender quotas in Poland. In: The Journal of Legislative Studies. Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 326-347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13572334.2017.1358981.
JANKOWSKI, M. and MARCINKIEWICZ, K. (2019). Ineffective and Counterproductive? The Impact of Gender Quotas in Open-List Proportional Representation Systems. In: Politics & Gender. Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 1-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X17000538.
KJAER, U. and KROOK, M. L. (2019). The blame game: analyzing gender bias in Danish local elections. In: Politics, Groups, and Identities. Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 444-455. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2018.1564057.
KOSTIUCHENKO, T., MARTSENYUK, T. and OKSAMYTNA, S. (2015). Women Politicians and Parliamentary Elections in Ukraine and Georgia in 2012. In: East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies. Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 83-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21226/T2X30R.
KROOK, M. L. (2010). Quotas for women in politics: Gender and candidate selection reform worldwide, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 304 pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195375671.001.0001.
KUKOŁOWICZ, P. (2013). Do Voters Read Gender? Stereotypes as Voting Cues in Electoral Settings. In: Polish Sociological Review. [online]. Vol. 182, No. 2, pp. 223-238. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41969490 [Accessed 10. 2. 2024].
KUKOVIČ, S. (2023). Women in Slovenian Local Politics: Female Mayors 1994–2022. In: Journal of Comparative Politics. [online]. Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 86-100. Available at: https://www.jofcp.org/archives-2023/ [Accessed 14. 1. 2024].
KUNOVICH, S. (2012). Unexpected Winners: The Significance of an Open-List System on Women's Representation in Poland. In: Politics & Gender. Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 153-177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X12000141.
LEBEDIUK, V. (2022). The Effects of Electoral Reform in Ukraine’s 2020 Local Elections: The Regional Context. In: Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Philos. Political Studies. Vol. 42, pp. 260-267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30970/PPS.2022.42.34.
LIPPMANN, Q. (2021). Are gender quotas on candidates bound to be ineffective? In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. Vol. 191, pp. 661-678. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.09.013.
LUHISTE, M. (2015). Party Gatekeepers' Support for Viable Female Candidacy in PR-List Systems. In: Politics & Gender. Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 89-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X14000580.
MARCINKIEWICZ, K. (2014). Electoral contexts that assist voter coordination: Ballot position effects in Poland. In: Electoral Studies. Vol. 33 (March), pp. 322-334. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2013.07.018.
MESERVE, S. A., PEMSTEIN, D. and BERNHARD, W. T. (2020). Gender, Incumbency and Party List Nominations. In: British Journal of Political Science. Vol. 50, Issue 1, pp. 1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123417000436.
MURRAY, R. (2010). Second Among Unequals? A Study of Whether France's “Quota Women” are Up to the Job. In: Politics & Gender. Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 93-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X09990523.
OPORA. (2020). Express review of local election results: party affiliation and gender component. In: OPORA. [online]. Available at: https://www.oporaua.org/vybory/ekspres-ogliad-rezultativ-mistsevikh-viboriv-partiinist-ta-genderna-skladova-22612 [Accessed 18. 12. 2021].
OPORA. (2021). Final Report on the Results of the Observation of the Civil Network OPORA at the Local Elections - 2020. In: OPORA. [online]. Available at: https://www.oporaua.org/vybory/zvit-mistsevi-vybory_2020-23539 [Accessed 23. 12. 2021].
PANSARDI, P. and PEDRAZZANI, A. (2023). Do (strong) gender quotas make a difference? Multiple candidacies as a party gatekeeping strategy in Italy. In: Party Politics. Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 711-725. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/13540688221091052.
PUT, G. J., SMULDERS, J. and MADDENS, B. (2021). Party nomination strategies in flexible-list systems: Do preference votes matter for realistic list positions? In: Party Politics. Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 376-382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068819858590.
RIVNE OBLAST COUNCIL. (2020). Documents of the Rivne Oblast Territorial Election Commission. In: Rivne Oblast Council. [online]. Available at: https://ror.gov.ua/dokumenti-teritorialnoyi-viborchoyi-komisiyi [Accessed 19. 12. 2021].
RUF, F. (2021). Does Non-Quota Strategy Matter? A Comparative Study on Candidate Selection and Women's Representation at the Local Level in Germany. In: Politics & Gender. Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 74-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X18001083.
SCHWINDT-BAYER, L. A. (2009). Making Quotas Work: The Effect of Gender Quota Laws On the Election of Women. In: Legislative Studies Quarterly. Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 5-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3162/036298009787500330.
SHUGART, M. S., VALDINI, M. E. and SUOMINEN, K. (2005). Looking for Locals: Voter Information Demands and Personal Vote-Earning Attributes of Legislators under Proportional Representation. In: American Journal of Political Science. Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 437-449. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00133.x.
STEGMAIER, M., TOSUN, J. and VLACHOVÁ, K. (2014). Women’s Parliamentary Representation in the Czech Republic: Does Preference Voting Matter? In: East European Politics and Societies. Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 187-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325413494771.
THAMES, F. C. (2018). The Electoral System and Women's Legislative Underrepresentation in Post-Communist Ukraine. In: Comparative Politics. Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 251-269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5129/001041518822263656.
THAMES, F. C. and BLOOM, S. (2023). When Are Gender Quotas Fulfilled? Party Strategy and Historical Memory in Ukrainian City Elections. In: Politics & Gender. Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 457-481. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X22000125.
THAMES, F. C. and WILLIAMS, M. S. 2010. Incentives for Personal Votes and Women’s Representation in Legislatures. In: Comparative Political Studies. Vol. 43, No. 12, pp. 1575-1600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414010374017.
VAN ERKEL, P. 2017. Preferential votes: Explaining individual electoral success in intra-party competition. Antwerpen: The University of Antwerp, 283 pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23183.48809.
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2024-08-01
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Lebediuk, V. and Moroziuk, Y. (2024) “Party Nomination and Legislative Gender Quotas in the 2020 Local Elections in Ukraine: The case of Rivne Regional Council”, Slovak Journal of Political Sciences, 24(1). doi: 10.34135/sjps.240103.
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