Post-Soviet Revolutions and Post-Revolution Discourses: Explaining the Construction of Political Identities in Post-Rose Revolution Georgia and Post-Velvet Revolution Armenia
Keywords:
Georgia, Armenia, “Rose Revolution”, “Velvet Revolution”, Post-Revolution discourse
Abstract
The 2018 “Velvet Revolution” in Armenia has renewed scholarly interest in post-Soviet revolution studies. This paper explores the core narratives underlying post-Rose Revolution and post-Velvet Revolution identity construction in Georgian and Armenian political discourses. More specifically, it examines the core narratives employed by the Georgian and Armenian revolution leaders Mikheil Saakashvili and Nikol Pashinyan in constructing the political identities of “New Georgia” and “New Armenia.” The findings suggest that the core narratives dominating Saakashvili’s discourse on post-revolution Georgia are as follows: “democratic Georgia” and “laboratory of democratic reforms,” “stereotype breaker,” “European Georgia,” “peaceful Georgia,” “powerful Georgia” and “security contributor,” determined to homecoming to Europe. Pashinyan’s discourse has revolved around the notion of “proud Armenians,” who established “people’s government” capable of carrying out an “economic revolution.” In contrast to Saakashvili’s emphasis on escaping post-Soviet geopolitical space and gaining centrality in the EU-driven socio-political order, Pashinyan’s discourse does not suggest foreign policy U-turns. It concludes that while the 2003 “Rose Revolution” marked fundamental shifts in self-other conceptions within the Georgian political discourse, the post-revolution Armenian discourse has not experienced dramatic identity-driven transformations.
References
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CAMPBELL, D. (1998). Writing security: United States foreign policy and the politics of identity. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1998.
CHATURVEDI, S. (2002) Process of othering in the case of India and Pakistan. In: Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie. Vol. 93, No. 2, 2002, pp. 149-159.
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DELCOUR, L. (2019). Armenia’s and Georgia’s contrasted positioning vis-à-vis the EU: between vocal centrality and strategic marginality. In: Journal of Contemporary European Studies. Vol. 27, No. 4, 2019, pp. 1-12.
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GÖL, A. (2005). Imagining the Turkish nation through ‘othering’ Armenians. In: Nations and Nationalism. Vol. 11, No. 1, 2005, pp. 121-139.
GREENBERG, I. (2004). The Not-So-Velvet Revolution. [online]. Available at. [Accessed 17th July 2019].
GRIGORYAN, A. (2019). Armenia’s path to democratization by recursive mass protests. In: Caucasus Survey. Vol. 7, No. 2, 2019, pp. 157-175.
GRIGORYAN, A. (2019). Reforms in Armenia: the challenges ahead: The post-revolutionary momentum needs to be used. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 13th July 2019].
JONES, S. F. (ed.). (2014). The making of modern Georgia, 1918-2012: the first Georgian republic and its successors. Routledge, 2014.
JUNG, H. (2019). The evolution of social constructivism in political science: past to present. In: SAGE Open. Vol. 9, No. 1, 2019, pp. 1-10.
KAKACHIA, K., LEBANIDZE, B., DUBOVYK, V. (2019). Defying marginality: explaining Ukraine’s and Georgia’s drive towards Europe. In: Journal of Contemporary European Studies. Vol. 27, No, 4, 2019, pp. 451-462.
KAKACHIA, K., MINESASHVILI, S. (2015). Identity politics: Exploring Georgian foreign policy behavior. In: Journal of Eurasian Studies. Vol. 6, No. 2, 2015, pp. 171-180.
KUCERA, J., MEJLUMYAN, A. (2019). Armenia: After Ex-president released, Premier opens conflict with judges and Karabakh leaders. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 15th July 2019].
LUCARELLI, S. (2008). European political identity, foreign policy and the Others’ image. In: The Search for a European Identity: Values, Policies and Legitimacy of the European Union, 2008, pp. 23-42.
MARKAROV, A. (2018). Armenia’s Foreign Policy Priorities. Are There Any Major Changes Following the Spring 2018 Political Transformation? In: Caucasus Analytical Digest. No. 104, 2018, pp. 3-7.
MINESASHVILI, S. (2016). Narrating identity: Belongingness and alterity in Georgia’s foreign policy. In: KAKACHIA, K., & MARKAROV, A. (ed.) Values and identity as sources of foreign policy in Armenia and Georgia. Universal, 2016, pp. 11-33.
NIKITIN, A. (2007). The End of the ‘Post-Soviet Space’: The Changing Geopolitical Orientations of the Newly Independent States. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 14th June 2019].
ODDO, J. (2011). War legitimation discourse: Representing ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ in four US presidential addresses. In: Discourse & Society. Vol. 22, No. 3, 2011, pp. 287-314.
PASHINYAN (2018a). Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan’s congratulatory remarks on the 100th Anniversary of the Republic of Armenia and the May Battles. [online]. Available at:
PASHINYAN (2018b). Address by acting Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan to National Assembly. [online]. Available at:
PASHINYAN (2018c). Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan’s speech at rally dedicated to 100 Days in Office. [online]. Available at:
PASHINYAN (2019a). Message by RA Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan on March 1. [online]. Available at:
PASHINYAN (2019b). “100 Facts about New Armenia” - Introductory remarks by Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan, delivered at the press conference. [online]. Available at:
PASHINYAN, N. (2020). The people of Armenia shall decide on the Constitutional Court issue,- PM Nikol Pashinyan addresses the extraordinary session of the National Assembly. [online]. Available at
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SAAKASHVILI (2005a). President Mikheil Saakashvili’s annual report to Parliament. [online]. Available at. [Accessed 14th June 2019].
SAAKASHVILI (2005b). Georgian President addresses Nation ahead of Bush visit. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 16th July 2019].
SAAKASHVILI (2005c). President Saakashvili addresses nation ahead of Rose Revolution anniversary. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 15th July 2019].
SAAKASHVILI (2006). Address by President Saakashvili at Independence day parade. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 17th July 2019].
SAAKASHVILI (2007). Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili delivers annual address to parliament. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 8th July 2019].
SAAKASHVILI (2007b). Remarks by H.E. Mikheil Saakashvili at the 62nd Session of the United Nations. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 9th July 2019].
SAAKASHVILI (2007c). President Mikheil Saakashvili’s address at the NATO Parliamentary Assembly’s 65th Rose-Roth seminar in Tbilisi on 19 April. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 9th July 2019].
SAAKASHVILI (2007d). Georgian president praises winegrowers’ resolve, calls for unity amidst embargo. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 16th August 2019].
SAAKASHVILI (2007e). Georgian president addresses nation after unrest. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 8th July 2019].
SAAKASHVILI (2008a). The President of Georgia made a statement before his departure to Bucharest. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 8th July 2019].
SAAKASHVILI (2008b). The President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili’s annual speech presented in the Parliament of Georgia. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 9th July 2019].
SAAKASHVILI (2008c). Press conference Georgia’s President Mikheil Saakashvili and German Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 9th July 2019].
SAAKASHVILI (2008d). The President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili’s statement. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 9th July 2019].
SAAKASHVILI (2008e). The President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili’s address to the population of Georgia. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 17th July 2019].
SAAKASHVILI (2010a). Mikheil Saakashvili: Extraordinary achievements are needed to survive. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 16th July 2019].
SAAKASHVILI (2010b). The President of Georgia made a speech at Paris Institute of Political Science. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 14th July 2019].
SAAKASHVILI (2010c). Parliamentary majority session was held in Batumi. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 14th July 2019].
SAAKASHVILI (2010d). The meeting of the president of Georgia with the majority members of Georgia’s Supreme legislative body in Anaklia. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 15th July 2019].
SAAKASHVILI (2011a). The joint briefing of the Presidents of Georgia and Poland. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 15th July 2019].
SAAKASHVILI (2011b). The President of Georgia has given a speech at the opening ceremony of the Ronald Reagan statue. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 15th July 2019].
SAAKASHVILI (2012a). The President of Georgia opened the first session of the 8th Parliament of Georgia. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 16th July 2019].
SAAKASHVILI (2012b). The day after: President Mikheil Saakashvili on post-revolutionary societies & what comes after the Arab Spring. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 14th July 2019].
SCHIFFRIN, D. (1996). Narrative as self-portrait: Sociolinguistic constructions of identity. In: Language in Society. Vol. 25, No. 2, 1996, pp. 167-203.
STATE.GOV (2014). Department of State: 2014 Investment climate statement. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 17th July 2019].
STRÅTH, B. (2008). Belonging and European identity. In: Identity, Belonging and Migration. 17, 2008, pp. 21-37.
TASS (2018). Military partnership with Russia remains major factor for Armenia’s security — Pashinyan. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 14th August 2019].
TERZYAN, A. (2018). Identity Conflicts? The Sense of ‘victimhood’ and the enemy images of Turkey and Azerbaijan in the foreign policy discourse of Armenia. In: Slovak Journal of Political Sciences. Vol. 18, No. 2, 2018, pp. 155-175.
TERZYAN, A. (2019a). The Aftermath of the “Velvet Revolution”: Armenia between domestic change and foreign policy continuity. In: Eastern European Journal for Regional Studies (EEJRS). Vol. 5, No.2, 2019, pp. 24-43.
TERZYAN, A. (2019b). Russian policy, Russian Armenians and Armenia: ethnic minority or political leverage? In: Centre for European Studies (CES) Working Papers. Vol. 11, No. 2, 2019, pp. 124-142.
TERZYAN, A. (2019c). Bringing Armenia closer to Europe: challenges to the EU-Armenia Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement implementation. In: Romanian Journal of European Affairs. Vol. 19, No, 2, 2019, pp. 97-110.
THE GUARDIAN (2009). Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili blamed for starting Russian war. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 15th July 2019].
TIEANU, A. (2013). From alterity to identity: A central European view of Europe at the end of the twentieth century. In: Journal of the Lucas Graduate Conference, 2013, pp 20-31. [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 15th March 2020].
TREATY ON THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION (2014). [online]. Available at:. [Accessed 15th July 2019].
TUCKER, J. A. (2007). Enough! Electoral fraud, collective action problems, and post-communist colored revolutions. In: Perspectives on Politics. Vol. 5, No. 3, 2007, pp. 535-551.
ABRAHAMYAN, P. (2019). Economic revolution or hopes for a miracle. EVN Report. [online]. Available at:
ALIYEV, H. (2014). The effects of the Saakashvili era reform on informal practices in the Republic of Georgia. In: Studies of Transition States and Societies. Vol. 6, No. 1, 2014, pp. 19-33.
ARAVOT (2017). Pashinyan insisted: ‘EAEU is a threat to Armenia and is dangerous’. [online]. Available at:
ARMENIAN WEEKLY (2018). Highlights from Pashinyan’s first 100 Days Speech. [online]. Available at:
ARMENIAN WEEKLY (2019). Kocharyan trial suspended in the wake of Pashinyan - court standoff. [online]. Available at:
ASBAREZ (2019). Baku angry over Pashinyan’s ‘Artsakh is Armenia’ comment. [online]. Available at:
BAMBERG, M., DE FINA, A., SCHIFFRIN, D. (2011). Discourse and identity construction. In: Handbook of Identity Theory and Research. New York: Springer, 2011, pp. 177-199.
BEACHÁIN, D. Ó., POLESE, A. (eds.). (2010). The color revolutions in the former Soviet republics: successes and failures. Routledge, 2010.
BRUBAKER, R., COOPER, F. (2000). Beyond “identity”. In: Theory and society. 29(1), pp. 1-47.
CAMPBELL, D. (1998). Writing security: United States foreign policy and the politics of identity. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1998.
CHATURVEDI, S. (2002) Process of othering in the case of India and Pakistan. In: Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie. Vol. 93, No. 2, 2002, pp. 149-159.
CIVIL GEORGIA (2008). Saakashvili address on Russia’s Abkhazia, S. Ossetia recognition. [online]. Available at:
CIVIL GEORGIA (2010). Saakashvili’s address to European Parliament. [online]. Available at:
CIVIL GEORGIA (2011). Saakashvili’s speech at the UN General Assembly 2011. [online]. Available at:
CIVILNET (2019). Among people under 30, unemployment rate still high in Armenia. [online]. Available at:
CLUNAN, A. L. (2009). The social construction of Russia’s resurgence: Aspirations, identity, and security interests. JHU Press, 2009.
CROSSLEY, M. (2007). Narrative analysis. In: Analyzing Qualitative Data in Psychology. pp. 131-144.
DELCOUR, L. (2019). Armenia’s and Georgia’s contrasted positioning vis-à-vis the EU: between vocal centrality and strategic marginality. In: Journal of Contemporary European Studies. Vol. 27, No. 4, 2019, pp. 1-12.
EEAS (2016). EU/Georgia Association Agreement. [online]. Available at:
EURASIANET (2019a). New Armenian government bets on the free market. [online]. Available at:
EURASIANET (2019b). Armenia adopts plan for “economic revolution.” [online]. Available at:
EURASIANET (2019c). Pashinyan calls for unification between Armenia and Karabakh. [online]. Available at:
EURASIANET (2020). In new bid against court, Pashinyan calls for referendum. [online]. Available at:
EURONEWS (2019). Nikol Pashinyan: Armenia will not be authoritarian. [online]. Available at:
FACTOR (2019). The actions of sabotage against people’s government mean actions of sabotage against people and the Republic of Armenia (In Armenian: Ժողովրդի վստահությունը վայլելող կառավարության դեմ սաբոտաժի գործողություններ անելը նշանակում է սաբոտաժի գործողություններ անել ժողովրդի, ՀՀ-ի նկատմամբ․ Նիկոլ Փաշինյան). [online]. Available at:
GEORGIA JOURNAL (2010). President of Georgia’s address to European Parliament Members. [online]. Available at:
GHAPLANYAN, I. (2017). Post-Soviet Armenia: The New national elite and the new national narrative. Routledge, 2017.
GÖL, A. (2005). Imagining the Turkish nation through ‘othering’ Armenians. In: Nations and Nationalism. Vol. 11, No. 1, 2005, pp. 121-139.
GREENBERG, I. (2004). The Not-So-Velvet Revolution. [online]. Available at
GRIGORYAN, A. (2019). Armenia’s path to democratization by recursive mass protests. In: Caucasus Survey. Vol. 7, No. 2, 2019, pp. 157-175.
GRIGORYAN, A. (2019). Reforms in Armenia: the challenges ahead: The post-revolutionary momentum needs to be used. [online]. Available at:
JONES, S. F. (ed.). (2014). The making of modern Georgia, 1918-2012: the first Georgian republic and its successors. Routledge, 2014.
JUNG, H. (2019). The evolution of social constructivism in political science: past to present. In: SAGE Open. Vol. 9, No. 1, 2019, pp. 1-10.
KAKACHIA, K., LEBANIDZE, B., DUBOVYK, V. (2019). Defying marginality: explaining Ukraine’s and Georgia’s drive towards Europe. In: Journal of Contemporary European Studies. Vol. 27, No, 4, 2019, pp. 451-462.
KAKACHIA, K., MINESASHVILI, S. (2015). Identity politics: Exploring Georgian foreign policy behavior. In: Journal of Eurasian Studies. Vol. 6, No. 2, 2015, pp. 171-180.
KUCERA, J., MEJLUMYAN, A. (2019). Armenia: After Ex-president released, Premier opens conflict with judges and Karabakh leaders. [online]. Available at:
LUCARELLI, S. (2008). European political identity, foreign policy and the Others’ image. In: The Search for a European Identity: Values, Policies and Legitimacy of the European Union, 2008, pp. 23-42.
MARKAROV, A. (2018). Armenia’s Foreign Policy Priorities. Are There Any Major Changes Following the Spring 2018 Political Transformation? In: Caucasus Analytical Digest. No. 104, 2018, pp. 3-7.
MINESASHVILI, S. (2016). Narrating identity: Belongingness and alterity in Georgia’s foreign policy. In: KAKACHIA, K., & MARKAROV, A. (ed.) Values and identity as sources of foreign policy in Armenia and Georgia. Universal, 2016, pp. 11-33.
NIKITIN, A. (2007). The End of the ‘Post-Soviet Space’: The Changing Geopolitical Orientations of the Newly Independent States. [online]. Available at:
ODDO, J. (2011). War legitimation discourse: Representing ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ in four US presidential addresses. In: Discourse & Society. Vol. 22, No. 3, 2011, pp. 287-314.
PASHINYAN (2018a). Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan’s congratulatory remarks on the 100th Anniversary of the Republic of Armenia and the May Battles. [online]. Available at:
PASHINYAN (2018b). Address by acting Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan to National Assembly. [online]. Available at:
PASHINYAN (2018c). Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan’s speech at rally dedicated to 100 Days in Office. [online]. Available at:
PASHINYAN (2019a). Message by RA Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan on March 1. [online]. Available at:
PASHINYAN (2019b). “100 Facts about New Armenia” - Introductory remarks by Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan, delivered at the press conference. [online]. Available at:
PASHINYAN, N. (2020). The people of Armenia shall decide on the Constitutional Court issue,- PM Nikol Pashinyan addresses the extraordinary session of the National Assembly. [online]. Available at
PETERSSON, B. (2006). Stories about strangers: Swedish media constructions of socio-cultural risk. University Press of America, 2006.
REUTERS (2018). New Armenian PM tells Putin he wants closer ties with Russia. [online]. Available at:
RUGGIE, J. G. (1998). What makes the world hang together? Neo-utilitarianism and the social constructivist challenge. In: International organization. Vol. 52, No. 4, 1998, pp. 855-885.
SAAKASHVILI (2005a). President Mikheil Saakashvili’s annual report to Parliament. [online]. Available at
SAAKASHVILI (2005b). Georgian President addresses Nation ahead of Bush visit. [online]. Available at:
SAAKASHVILI (2005c). President Saakashvili addresses nation ahead of Rose Revolution anniversary. [online]. Available at:
SAAKASHVILI (2006). Address by President Saakashvili at Independence day parade. [online]. Available at:
SAAKASHVILI (2007). Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili delivers annual address to parliament. [online]. Available at:
SAAKASHVILI (2007b). Remarks by H.E. Mikheil Saakashvili at the 62nd Session of the United Nations. [online]. Available at:
SAAKASHVILI (2007c). President Mikheil Saakashvili’s address at the NATO Parliamentary Assembly’s 65th Rose-Roth seminar in Tbilisi on 19 April. [online]. Available at:
SAAKASHVILI (2007d). Georgian president praises winegrowers’ resolve, calls for unity amidst embargo. [online]. Available at:
SAAKASHVILI (2007e). Georgian president addresses nation after unrest. [online]. Available at:
SAAKASHVILI (2008a). The President of Georgia made a statement before his departure to Bucharest. [online]. Available at:
SAAKASHVILI (2008b). The President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili’s annual speech presented in the Parliament of Georgia. [online]. Available at:
SAAKASHVILI (2008c). Press conference Georgia’s President Mikheil Saakashvili and German Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel. [online]. Available at:
SAAKASHVILI (2008d). The President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili’s statement. [online]. Available at:
SAAKASHVILI (2008e). The President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili’s address to the population of Georgia. [online]. Available at:
SAAKASHVILI (2010a). Mikheil Saakashvili: Extraordinary achievements are needed to survive. [online]. Available at:
SAAKASHVILI (2010b). The President of Georgia made a speech at Paris Institute of Political Science. [online]. Available at:
SAAKASHVILI (2010c). Parliamentary majority session was held in Batumi. [online]. Available at:
SAAKASHVILI (2010d). The meeting of the president of Georgia with the majority members of Georgia’s Supreme legislative body in Anaklia. [online]. Available at:
SAAKASHVILI (2011a). The joint briefing of the Presidents of Georgia and Poland. [online]. Available at:
SAAKASHVILI (2011b). The President of Georgia has given a speech at the opening ceremony of the Ronald Reagan statue. [online]. Available at:
SAAKASHVILI (2012a). The President of Georgia opened the first session of the 8th Parliament of Georgia. [online]. Available at:
SAAKASHVILI (2012b). The day after: President Mikheil Saakashvili on post-revolutionary societies & what comes after the Arab Spring. [online]. Available at:
SCHIFFRIN, D. (1996). Narrative as self-portrait: Sociolinguistic constructions of identity. In: Language in Society. Vol. 25, No. 2, 1996, pp. 167-203.
STATE.GOV (2014). Department of State: 2014 Investment climate statement. [online]. Available at:
STRÅTH, B. (2008). Belonging and European identity. In: Identity, Belonging and Migration. 17, 2008, pp. 21-37.
TASS (2018). Military partnership with Russia remains major factor for Armenia’s security — Pashinyan. [online]. Available at:
TERZYAN, A. (2018). Identity Conflicts? The Sense of ‘victimhood’ and the enemy images of Turkey and Azerbaijan in the foreign policy discourse of Armenia. In: Slovak Journal of Political Sciences. Vol. 18, No. 2, 2018, pp. 155-175.
TERZYAN, A. (2019a). The Aftermath of the “Velvet Revolution”: Armenia between domestic change and foreign policy continuity. In: Eastern European Journal for Regional Studies (EEJRS). Vol. 5, No.2, 2019, pp. 24-43.
TERZYAN, A. (2019b). Russian policy, Russian Armenians and Armenia: ethnic minority or political leverage? In: Centre for European Studies (CES) Working Papers. Vol. 11, No. 2, 2019, pp. 124-142.
TERZYAN, A. (2019c). Bringing Armenia closer to Europe: challenges to the EU-Armenia Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement implementation. In: Romanian Journal of European Affairs. Vol. 19, No, 2, 2019, pp. 97-110.
THE GUARDIAN (2009). Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili blamed for starting Russian war. [online]. Available at:
TIEANU, A. (2013). From alterity to identity: A central European view of Europe at the end of the twentieth century. In: Journal of the Lucas Graduate Conference, 2013, pp 20-31. [online]. Available at:
TREATY ON THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION (2014). [online]. Available at:
TUCKER, J. A. (2007). Enough! Electoral fraud, collective action problems, and post-communist colored revolutions. In: Perspectives on Politics. Vol. 5, No. 3, 2007, pp. 535-551.
Published
2020-04-15
How to Cite
Terzyan, A. (2020) “Post-Soviet Revolutions and Post-Revolution Discourses: Explaining the Construction of Political Identities in Post-Rose Revolution Georgia and Post-Velvet Revolution Armenia”, Slovak Journal of Political Sciences, 20(1). Available at: https://sjps.fsvucm.sk/index.php/sjps/article/view/107 (Accessed: 19April2024).
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